The liberation of Marathwada from the Nizam's rule was shaped by several key historical events between Indian independence in 1947 and Operation Polo in September 1948
This day commemorates the end of Nizam's rule in the Marathwada region (now part of Maharashtra), thanks to the Indian military action known as Operation Polo which lasted five days and resulted in Hyderabad State, including Marathwada, joining India on 17 September 1948.
1947 – Indian Independence and Princely State Dilemma:
After India gained independence, princely states like Hyderabad (which included Marathwada) were allowed to join India or Pakistan, or remain independent. The Nizam of Hyderabad decided to stay independent, which sparked unrest among the majority Hindu population of the state.
Rise of the Razakars and Popular Unrest:
The Nizam's resolve to remain separate was enforced by the Razakars, a paramilitary force led by Qasim Razvi, who conducted violent acts against pro-Indian sections and minorities. This escalated tensions, and local leaders and common citizens in Marathwada organized uprisings and protests, forming a significant part of the freedom movement
Operation Polo – The Police Action:
On September 13, 1948, the Indian Army launched a five-day military campaign known as Operation Polo against the Hyderabad State. The army overran the forces loyal to the Nizam and the Razakars by September 17, 1948, forcing the Nizam to surrender and formally integrating Hyderabad, including Marathwada, into the Indian Union
On September 17, 1948, the Nizam announced a ceasefire as his forces—including the Razakars—were overwhelmed and suffered heavy casualties. The formal surrender of Hyderabad’s army followed, and key Razakar and Nizam leaders, including Qasim Razvi, were arrested.
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